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College  of  ^fjpsiicians!  anb  ^urgeong 


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of 


Teeth  Regulation 


THC  COURSE. 


What  it  is.    What  it  will  do.    What  it  will  cost. 

It  will  treat  the  siihject  of  Orthodontia  on   an   entirely 

new  plan. 
Its  object  will  be  to  make  success   as  certain   and   as 

easily  attained  in  teeth  re.a^ulation   as  in  the   other 

dental  o{)erations. 
It  will  enable  you  to  determine  exactly  what  is  best  to 

be  done  Avith  a  case  \vitli(^ut   aid   from   any   other 

source. 
It  will  be  up  to  date  in  every  respect. 
It  will  be  profusely  illustrated  and    will   be   printed   on 

good  paper. 
It  will  extend  over  a  period  of  from  six  months   to   one 

year,   and   will  be  delivered    as    eacli     volume    is 

printed,  (from  four  to  six  volumes). 
It  will  show  how  to  save  money  on  applicinces. 
It  is  the  result  of  twelve   \'ears  ^vork   and   the  expend- 
iture of  over  $10,000. 
It  will  cost  you  only  $25. 
It  \vill  show  you  how  to  make  back  the   whole  cost   of 

the  course  from  two  or  three  simple  cases   at  $10 

or  $15  each. 
It  will  enable  any  practitioner  to  add   several   hundred 

dollars  a  year  to  his  income  while  consuming  very 

little  of  his  time. 
It  will  benefit  vour  patients. 


of 

Teeth  Regulation 


bifith  _finely  made  original 

devices 

ready  _f or  immediate  operati'Oe 

application 

Without  Soldering 


-By 

Miland  A.  Knapp,  D.D.S. 

Minneapolis,  Minnesota 


eit 


The  S.  S.  White  Dental  Manufacturing  Co. 

Sole  Agent, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  V.  S.  A. 


MAJOR  PROTRUSION. 


There  is  probably  no  dental  irregularity  that  can  be  so  well 
classed  by  itself  and  treated  in  exactly  the  same  manner  and 
with  the  same  appliance  in  every  instance  as  protrusion  of 
the  superior  incisor  teeth,  and  there  is  probably  no  other  one 
class  of  dental  irregularity^  met  with  so  frequently  as  this  de- 
formity. The  causes  which  produce  this  condition  are  of 
practical  interest  to  us  only  as  their  determination   helps  us 


Fig.  1. 

to  prevent  the  condition  or  to  more  easily  correct  and  retain 
the  teeth  after  being  moved,  so  that  the  recurrence  of  the  con- 
dition from  mechanical  or  other  means  w^ill  be  more  surely 
prevented. 

There  are  three  general  classes  of  protrusion  of  the  superior 
incisor  teeth.  In  the  first  class,  cases  in  which  both  arches  are 
normal  in  width,  the  lower  incisors  forming  a  perfect  arch  and 
giving  proper  prominence  to  the  lo\ver  lip  and  chin,  with  an 


2  KNAPP    SYSTEM. 

abnormal  development  of  the  superior  maxillary  bones  and 
the  teeth  larger  and  ^vider  than  they  should  be  to  correspond 
to  the  size  of  the  lower,  forming  an  unduly  prominent  upper 
jaw  with,  in  some  cases,  an  inability  to  cover  the  upper  teeth 
with  the  lip  without  great  effort.  In  the  case  shown  in 
Fig.  1  it  was  impossible  for  the  patient  to  cover  the  superior 
incisor  teeth  with  the  upper  lip,  and  when  by  effort  the  mouth 
was  closed  so  that  the  lips  were  in  contact  the  lower  lip  \vas 


Fig.  2. 

raised  to  cover  the  upper  teeth.  In  the  second  class  are 
those  cases  in  Avhich  the  lower  teeth  form  a  symmetrical 
arch  of  normal  prominence,  the  upper  teeth  protrude  as 
in  the  first  class,  but  the  arch  is  very  much  narrower 
with  the  bicuspids  and  molars  striking  inside  the  buccal  cusps 


TEETH  REGULATION.  3 

of  the  lower  teeth.  In  the  third  class  the  conditions  are 
such  that  the  upper  teeth  have  undue  prominence,  while  the 
upper  arch  may  be  either  normal  or  narrow^  and  with  the 
lower  jaw  receding,  thereby  causing  a  receding  lip  and  chin 
which  gives  to  the  face  an  expression  of  inferior  mental 
capacity.  The  great  majority  of  cases  are  those  of  the  first 
class. 

After  experimenting  with  and  using  in  practical  work  all 
the  appliances  described  by  writers  on  this  subject,  and  care- 
fiiUy  taking  note  of  all  the  difficulties  encountered  in  their  use, 
both  in  the  construction  of  the  appliance  and  the  peculiarities 
of  each  case,  I  have  endeavored  to  construct  an  appliance 


Fig.  3. 

which  would  overcome  to  the  greatest  possible  extent  their 
defects,  and  one  that  would  be  invariably  applicable  to  all 
THESE  CASES.  Some  of  the  requirements  of  an  appliance  for 
this  w^ork  may  be  enumerated  as  follows:  it  should  be  so 
constructed  that  it  may  be  immediately  adapted  to  all  cases 
without  the  necessity  of  soldering  bands  to  fit  each  size  of 
tooth;  these  bands  should  be  so  constructed  that  thev 
can  be  cemented  to  the  teeth  and  the  appliance  removed 
from  the  mouth  at  any  time  and  replaced  without  removing 
any  of  the  bands;  the  appliance  should  take  up  as  little 
room  as  possible  and  should  be  made  entirely    of  metal;     all 


4-  KNAPP    SYSTEM. 

the  force  required  to  retract  the  teeth  should  be  gained  from 
occi])ital  anchorage,  and  this,  of  course,  must  be  obtained  by 
means  of  a  head-cap;  the  appHance  should  be  so  constructed 
that  it  will  automatically  retain  the  teeth  at  any  time  when 
the  head-cap  is  removed,  as  it  is  very  necessary  to  the  comfort 
and  ease  of  the  patient  that  the  head-cap  be  not  worn  while 
attending  school  or  when  appearing  in  public;  this  should 
also  be  so  constructed  that  it  can  be  removed  or  replaced 
instantly  by  the  patient,  and  yet  be  held  securely  in  position 


Fig.  i. 


while  the  pressure  is  applied  to  the  teeth.  The  appliance 
which  I  have  found  to  most  completely  meet  these  require- 
ments is  shown  in  Figs.  2  and  3.  This  appliance  (with  the 
exception  of  the  head-cap  No.  60  and  protrusion-bow  No.  58) 
is  constructed  entirely  from  the  regular  parts  of  my  ap- 
pliances used  in  all  classes  of  irregularities.  The  parts  used 
in  this  appliance  are  double-socket  screwbandsNo.  50,  button 
bands  No.  5,  arch  bar  No.  35,  lock  nuts  No.  23,  bar  end  caps 
No.  34,  bar  hooks  No.  55,  springs  No.  56  and  protrusion  bow- 
No.  58.    Where  the  molar  teeth  are  abnormally  small  No.  49 


TEETH    REGULATION.  5 

bands  are  used  in  place  of  No.  50,  and  where  they  are  larger 
than  the  average  size  molar  No.  51  or  52  may  be  used.  In 
cases  where  the  incisors  are  abnormally  small  the  No.  4  band 
may  be  used  instead  of  No.  5  for  attaching  to  the  anterior 
teeth — central  incisors  preferred. 

Figure  4  shows  the  application  of  this  appliance,  the  detail 
of  which  I  most  frequently  use,  but  a  number  of  minor 
modifications  may  be  made  to  meet  any  peculiarities  arising 
in  any  individual  case,  or  to  suit  the  particular  purposes  of  the 


Pig.  5. 


operator.  In  this  instance  (Fig.  4-)  the  bands  which  are 
placed  on  the  central  incisor  teeth  (they  may  be  placed  on  the 
laterals  or  on  all  four  teeth  if  necessary)  have  their  studs  on 
the  labial  surfaces  of  the  teeth.  The  arch  bar  No.  35  is  bent 
to  conform  to  the  shape  of  the  arch,  or  to  the  shape  of  the 
desired  arch,  as  the  teeth  in  moving  back  will  conform  to 
the  shape  of  this  bar,  and  the  required  form  of  the  arch  in 
completing  the  case  can  be  determined  while  the  case  is  under 
treatment.  In  Fig.  4  the  bar  is  wired  to  the  studs  with  band 
wire  No.  30.    The  bar  may  be  above  or  below  the  studs,  or  it 


6  KNAPP    SYSTEM. 

may  be  attached  to  the  stud  by  bending  a  inace  of  retaining 
clamp  No.  39  as  shown  at  c,Fig.  5.  This  hook  is  secured  to  the 
stud  of  the  band  by  retaining  clamp  nut  No.  38,  and  by  using 
this  easily  constructed  device  the  bar  can  be  held  firmly  at  the 
gum  line  or  at  any  other  position  on  the  tooth  without 
moving  the  bands. 
Another  method  of  keeping  the  arch  bar  at  the  desired 


Fig.  6. 
position  on  the  tooth  is  shown  in  Fig.  7.  This  is  formed  by 
making  a  band  of  36  gauge  22  caret  gold,  pinching  the  ends 
together  on  the  labial  surface  of  the  tooth,  and  soldering. 
Then  by  cutting  transverse  grooves  with  a  Fissure  burr  in 
two  or  three  different  places  (shown  in  Fig.  8)  to  receive  the 
arch  bar,  this  bar  may  be  placed  near  the  gum,  or  near  the 
cutting  edge  as  the  operation  may  require.  It  will  be  readily 
understood  that  when  the  arch  bar  presses  against  the  tip,  or 


Fig.  7.  Fig.  8. 

cutting  edge  of  the  tooth,  that  part  of  the  tooth  will 
be  retracted  more  rapidly  than  the  apex  of  the  root, 
which  is  verv'  desirable  in  a  case  like  the  one  sho\vn 
in  Fig.   9.        If,  however,  the  bar  is  placed    at    the    gum 


TEETH    REGULATION. 


line  (Fig.  10)  the  whole  tooth  will  be  retracted,  the  apex  of 
the  root  moving  practically  as  fast  as  the  crown  of  the  tooth. 
It  will  be  found  that  when  nicks  are  cut  in  the  band,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  8,  there  will  be  no  necessity  for  wiring  the  arch 


bar  to  the  band,  and  by  simply  slipping  the  hooks  out  of  the 
posterior  ends  of  the  clutch  tubes  the  bar  can  be  immediately 
removed.  The  screw  bands  should  be  placed  on  the  molar 
teeth  with  their  clutch  tubes  on  the  buccal  side  of  the  teeth. 


»  KNAPI*    SVvSTEAI. 

The  arch  bar  should  be  placed  in  position  and  \vorn  one  or 
tw^o  days,  when  it  is  Avell  to  loosen  the  screw  bands  and 
cement  them  to  the  teeth  as  these  appliances  generally  remain 
in  the  mouth  some  time,  and  this  precludes  the  possibility  of 
decay  commencing  under  the  band. 

The  arch  bar,  after  being  bent  to  the  proper  shape,  vshould 
be  shortened  by  cutting  off  the  distal  ends  so  that  they  pro- 
ject only  far  enough  to  allow  the  bar  hook  No.  55  to  be 
pressed  back  one-sixteenth  oi  an  inch  to  disengage  it,  jind 
should  be  placed  in  position  as  shown  in  Fig.  4.  The 
springs  No.  56  are  attached  to  the  bar  hook  and  wared  to 
the  arch  bar  just  above  the  lock  nut  No.  23.  The  tension  of 
the  springs  can  be  regulated  by  turning  this  lock  nut  forward 


Fig.  9. 

or  backward  on  the  bar,  and  the  pressure  of  the  wire  as  it 
draws  over  the  squared  surface  of  the  lock  nut,  prevents  the 
nut  revolving  on  the  bar  and  changing  the  tension  while  the 
appliance  is  in  the  mouth.  It  is  necessary  to  move  the  lock 
nut  forward  a  little  from  time  to  time,  as  the  case  progresses 
and  the  teeth  are  retracted;  also  the  distal  ends  of  the  arch  bar 
will  have  to  be  cut  shorter  if  they  cause  irritation  of  the 
cheeks  as  the  length  increases  back  of  the  clutch  tubes.      As 


TEETH    REGULATION.  9 

will  be  noticed  the  arch  bar  will  come  into  contact  with 
the  bicuspid  teeth  on  both  sides  as  the  case  progresses.  This  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  anterior  portion  of  the  arch  is  narrow- 
er than  the  posterior,  and  the  arch  bar,  since  bent  to  conform 
to  the  original  size  of  the  arch,  as  it  moves  back  will  press 
against  the  bicuspid  teeth  and  should  be  taken  off  occasional- 
ly and  widened  a  little  at  this  point  so  that  it  will  be  free  to 
move  forv\'ard  or  backward  through  the  clutch  tube  without 
pressing  against  the  buccal  surfaces  of  the  teeth. 

There  are  several  ways  of  attaching  this  appliance  to  the 
arch  bar,  one  of  wdiich  is  shown  in  Fig.  11.  Here  four  bar- 
hooks  are  used  which  do  awav  with  wirinsf  or  tiein^ 
the  anterior  springs  to  the  bar  but  are  a  little  more  bulk^- 
than  the  method  shown  in  Fig.  4-.     At  D,  Fig.  5,  is  shown  the 


^/■C/^A^ 


Fipr.   10 

manner  of  using  a  rubber  connection.  This,  however,  has  all 
the  disadvantages  embodied  in  the  use  of  rubber  bands,  i.  e., 
the  tension  diminishes  rapidly  as  the  rubber  is  worn,  a  result 
most  undesirable.  The  springs  will  retain  their  tension  for 
any  length  of  time,  and  the  tension  wnll  become  less  onlv  as 
the  arch  bar  moves  back.  When  a  rubber  is  used  it  is  neces- 
sary to  see  the  patient  at  least  ever}^  other  day,  but  with  the 
springs  it  is  seldom  necessary  to  touch  them  oftener  than 
once  in  three  weeks  or  longer.  The  clutch  tubes  should  be  so 
placed  that  the  arch  bar  when  properly  bent  wnll  pass  freely 
through  the  tubes,  only  sufficient  tension  being  given  to  the 
springs  to  draw  the  bar  back  against  the  front  teeth  when 


10 


KNAPP    SYSTEM. 


it  is  pulled  forward  a  little  to  test  the  strength  of  the  springs. 
It  is  important  that  the  springs  be  not  too  tight  as,  if  they 
are,  the  anchor  teeth  are  liable  to  be  moved.  If  the  spring 
tension  is  carefully  regulated  the  most  extreme  cases  of  pro- 
trusion can  be  corrected  with  no  movement  of  the  molar 
teeth. 

The  protrusion  bow  No.  58  used  w^ith  this  set  is  shown  in 
Fig.  12.  This  has  a  pivoted  central  standard  A,  in  the  socket 
of  which  the  split  chuck  B  is  conically  seated.  This  chuck  is 
transversely  bored  and  threaded  to  receive  the  arch  bar  No.  35. 


Fig.  11. 


In  operation  the  arch  bar  is  secured  upon  the  teeth  as  de- 
scribed above,  the  chuck  B  is  then  snapped  onto  the  arch  bar 
and  the  standard  A  telescoped  upon  the  chuck,  (see  Fig.  11) 
w^hich  by  cone  action  is  made  to  grip  the  arch  bar  at  an3^ 
anterior  location — usually  a  central  position.  The  protrusion 
bow  rocks  on  its  pivot  to  prevent  shocks  w^hen  the  bow  ends 
are  pressed  upon  by  the  pillow  or  otherwise,   and  also  pro- 


TEETH    REGULATION. 


11 


vides  for  unswerving  pressure  on  the  standard,  whieh  -would 
act  latero-obliquely  if  it  \vere  rocked  instead  of  being  rigidly 
gripped  to  the  bar  by  the  threaded  chuck  B,  Fig.  12.  This 
split  chuck  grips  the  bar  firmly  under  retractive  pressure 
w^hich  when  relaxed  somewhat  does  not  detach  the  bow,  but 
permits  adjustive  rotation  and  fixation  of  the  chuck  on  the 
bar  to  direct  the  retractive  force  upw^ard  and  counteract  the 
usual  extension  of  the  centrals  and  laterals  simultaneously 
w^ith  the  protrusive  correction.  It  also  provides  for  down- 
ward pressure  to  increase  the  extension  if  the  teeth  are  to  be 
lengthened  w^hile  being  pressed  backward, — a  combined  move- 
ment provided  for  and   sometimes  required.        A   sectioned 


Fig.  12. 


detail  drawing  of  the  chuck  and  standard   of  No.  58  is  shown 
in  Fig.  1.3. 

To  the  curved  ends  of  the  protrusion  bow  are  attached 
elastic  rubber  bands  which  connect  it  to  the  buttons  of  the 
head  cap  No.  60.  (see  Fig.  14)  The  size  and  strength  of 
these  bands  can  be  regulated  to  suit  the  case,  a  young  patient 
requiring  much  lighter  bands  than  an  older  one.  The  lengths 
of  these  rubbers  will  have  to  be  determined  in  each  case.  The 
upper  rubbers  are  always  shorter  than  the  lov^^er  and  b\' 
regulating  the  tension  the  teeth  may  be  drawn  directly  back, 
shortened,  or  elongated.  If  both  upper  and  lov.'^er  rubbers 
have  the  same  tension  the  teeth  will  be  drawn  straight  back; 


12 


KNAPP    SYSTEM. 


if  the  upper  rubbers  have  a  greater  tension  than  the  lower 
the  anterior  teeth  will  be  shortened;  and  the  reverse  will  be 
the  case  when  the  lower  rubbers  exert  the  greater  pressure. 
AVhen  it  is  desirable  to  shorten  the  teeth  very  considerably 
it  is  better  to  band  both  centrals  and  laterals  as,  otherwise, 
the  banded  teeth  will  be  shortened  while  the  others  will 
remain  their  original  length. 

To  remove  the  boAV  or  change  the  ])osition  it  is  only 
necessary  to  detach  the  bow  ends  from  the  head  cap  and 
slip  the  vStandard  from  the  chuck.        The  chuck  is  readily 


Fig.  13. 
sprung  off  the  bar  by  a  slight  lateral  movement.  To  connect 
the  head  cap  with  the  protrusion  bow,  cut  one  end  of  each 
rubber  to  form  straight  pieces,  and  wnth  a  rubber-dam  punch 
make  a  hole  one-half  inch  from  one  end  of  each  piece.  Place 
these  over  the  buttons  of  the  cap,  the  shorter  rubbers  over 
the  buttons  nearest  the  lacing.  Then  place  the  protrusion 
bow  on  the  chuck  and  punch  boles  in  the  other  end  of  each 
of  the  rubbers  at  a  point  corresponding  to  the  ends  of  the 
bow.  Also  punch  three  or  four  holes  above  these,  three- 
eighths  to  one-half  inch  apart,  and  the  tension  exerted  by 
these  rubbers  can  be  regulated  by  placing  the  curved  hook  of 
the  protrusion  bow  through  the  proper  holes  in  the  rubber. 


TEETH    REGULATION. 


13 


The  head  cap  (see  Fig.  3)  is  made  of  kangaroo  leather  and 
silk  cord,  and  is  light,  cool,  and  adjustable  in  all  directions. 
It  has  metal  buttons  in  the  proper  positions  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  rubber  bands.  The  cap  band  is  connected  at  its 
anterior  portion  by  silk  lacing,  and  the  size  of  the  cap  may  be 
changed  by  taking  up  or  letting  out  this  lacing. 


14  KNAPP    SYSTEM. 

The  purpose  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  show  the  construction 
and  operation  of  the  parts  included  in  the  Protrusion  Set,  B, 
the  following  cuts  being  inserted  to  show  some  applications 
of  the  arch-bar.  The  parts  here  described,  as  well  as  all 
the  other  devices  employed  in  this  system,  possess  the  follow- 
ing advantages: 

ADVANTAGES  OF  THE  SYSTEM. 

First:  They  are  ready  to  take  out  of  the  box  and  apply  to 
the  teeth.  No  heating  or  soldering  is  required.  They  are  there- 
fore as  neat  in  appearance  in  the  mouth  as  when  removed  from 
the  box. 

Second:  The  several  inembers  are  as  sm^dl  as  is  consistent 
^vith  strength,  they  are  well  plated  to  resist  tarnishing,  are 
accessible  in  all  situations,  and  are  not  liable  to  displacement 
or  loss  by  the  patient. 

Third:  All  the  parts  are  interchangeable,  and  when  an  extra 
member  is  ordered  for  a  special  case,  it  will  work  with  all  the 
parts  on  hand  as  well  as  those  aftervv^ard  obtained. 

Fourth:  The  directions  of  force  can  be  changed  in  a  few 
moments  at  any  time  to  overcome  unlooked-for  requirements, 
or  an  entirely  different  device  may  be  put  on  \vithout  the  usual 
trouble  of  removing  bands  and  soldering  on  new  attachments. 

Fifth:  The  threaded  bars  having  nuts  screv^ed  on  ready  for 
action  can  be  readily  placed  in,  or  be  taken  from  the  socket 
clutch  bands  while  these  are  fixed  on  the  teeth;  w^hereas,  in 
other  systems,  the  nuts  must  first  be  unscrewed,  the  bar 
ends  be  pushed  through  the  band  tubes,  beyond  w^hich  the  nuts 
must  be  again  screwed  onto  the  bar  ends.  This  is  a  very 
tedious  and  troublesome  operation  when  those  bar  ends  ex- 
tend beyond  the  band  tubes  on  second  molars. 

Sixth:  The  several  devices  can  be  used  over  and  over  again, 
and  will  last  as  long  as  some  instruments  commonly  used  in 
dental  practice. 

Seventh:  They  are  time-savers  for  the  pmctitioner,  and  are 
attractive  to  the  patient. 

Eighth:  The  members  of  each  organization  are  readily 
separable  for  sterilization  in  hot  ^vater  before  replacement  in 
the  box. 


TEETH    REGULATION. 


15 


Ninth:  Every  member  has  itvS  indicative  nuinber  by  which  it 
may  be  identified  in  description  and  illustration,  and  be  specifi- 
ed in  purchasing  orders,  to  be  sure  of  obtaining  the  desired 
part  or  parts  so  numbered. 

Tenth:  The  prices  of  the  parts  are  moderate  in  view  of  their 
convenience,  accuracy,  uniformity,  sightliness,  ready  usefulness 
and  durability. 

Some  of  the  parts  are  too  small  for  clear  delineation,  and 
therefore  associated  and  magnified  or  sectional  views  are  given, 
to  make  obvious  the  constructive  details  or  assemblages  of 
the  several  devices. 

To  those  \vho  have  hitherto  employed  thicker  and  heavier 
appliances,  these  thin  and  small  devices  may  seem  inadequate; 
but  the  author  has  in  practice  proved  their  sufficiency,  and  has 
a  firm  confidence  in  their  general  efficiency  when  einployed  with 
due  regard  to  the  correct  principles  involved  in  their  construc- 
tion and  uses. 


FUNDAMENTAL  PRINCIPLES. 

A  fundamental  feature  of  the  system  and  means  is  the  pro- 
duction of  a  from  time  to  time  progressive  movement  of  the 
tooth  or  teeth  in  the  desired  direction  without  retrogression, 
A  comparatively  weak  initial  and  successive  push  or  pull  action 
will  in  every  suitable  case  be  effective  if  the  gain  be  unflinch- 
ingly maintained;  and  this  is  the  function  of  the  clutch  nut 
and  lock  nut  members.  A  moderate  moving  force,  the  locking 
of  the  moving  mechanism,  and  a  timely  repetition  of  that 
process  results  in  a  new  tooth-position  and  a  new  restoration 
to  sustain  it:  these  are  the  sources  of  success  in  teeth  regulation. 


16 


KNAPP    SYSTEM, 


TO  CLEAX  TIIH  ATPLIAXCES 


AFTER  HAVING  BECOMP:  DISCOLORED  BY  USE. 


The  appliances  are  as  heavily  gold  plated  as  is  practical 
without  interfering  with  the  proper  working  of  the  nuts  on 
the  threaded  screws,  as  the  gold  is  deposited  most  rapidly  at 
the  highest  part  of  the  thread,  making  it  difficult  to  turn  the 
nuts  on  the  bars.     In  the  manufacture  of  the  parts  allowance 


1! 

^^H^HI 

^Qfl&# 

^  ^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^n"^ 

^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^^^oi^ 

■■ 

MniiflH^B 

is  made  for  the  plating,  but  there  is  a  limit  to  the  amount  cf 
gold  that  can  be  put  on  mechanical  devices,  particularly 
w^here  they  are  threaded  and  where  accurately  interchange- 
able parts  are  necessary. 

The  devices  will  discolor  much  more  rapidly  in  some  mouths 
than  in  others,  due,  to  a  great  extent,  to  the  condition   of  the 


TEETH    REGUEATIOX. 


17 


mouth.  I  have  noticed  that  mouths  which  contain  many 
amalgam  filHngs  will  discolor  the  appliances  much  more  than 
mouths  with   only  one   or  two  good  sound  filHngs.      The 


quality  of  the  amalgam  used  has  also  a  great  deal  to  do  with 
this.  It  is  evidently  a  deposit  of  silver,  copper  and  mercury 
on  the  appliances  and  not  corrosion,   as   18  caret  gold  will 


discolor  as  quickly,  and,  as  is  well  known,  pure  gold  fillings 
turn  black  in  some  mouths.  -  This,  of  course,  is  due  to  a 
deposit  on  the  gold,  probably  from  amalgam  fillings.   In  some 


18  KNAI'l'    SYSTEM. 

mouths  the  apphances  will  remain  bri^^^ht  for  months,  and  if 
the  patient  cleans  the  teeth  and  appliances  twice  every  day, 
with  a  medium  stiff  brush  and  a  good  tooth  powder,  the 
discoloration  will  be  prevented  to  a  great  extent. 

Separate  the  parts  and  string  them   on  small  copper  wire 
before  placing  them  in  the  cleaning  solutions.       It  is  better  to 


use  a  separate  piece  of  wnre  for  each  part,  as  some  parts  may 
require  to  be  dipped  more  than  once  in  solution  No.  2. 

Solution  1.  Solution  2. 

Concentrated  Lye,  (Lewis)  1  oz.       Cyanide  of  Potassium,  Vi  oz. 
Water,  4oz.       Water,  4  oz. 

or  a  little  more  than  will  (see  note) 

dissolve. 

Solution  1  should  be  kept  in  a  porcelain  dish  (covered)  so 
that  it  may  be  heated  over  the  gas  stove.  Solution  2  should 
be  placed  in  a  wide-mouth,  glass-stoppered  bottle  and  labelled 
"Cj-anide  Solution.  Poison." 

To  keep  the  appliances  in  good  condition  the  two  solutions 
should  be  kept  on  hand,  and  as  soon  as  removed  from  the 
mouth  the  parts  should  be  put  into  the  solution  of  lye,  (No.  1.) 
It  will  do  no  harm  if  thev  remain  in  this   solution   a  number 


TEETH    REGULATION. 


19 


of  hours,  or  even  days,  but  if  they  are  to  be  reinoved  directly 
they  should  be  boiled  in  the  solution  lor  five  or  ten  minutes; 
this  removes  all  grease  and  animal  matter  and  much  of  the 
silver,  copper,  and  mercury  deposit  Avhich  is  held  mechanical- 
ly. The  parts,  Avhen  removed  from  the  solution,  should  be 
rinsed  in  water  and  brushed  with  a  nail  brush.  No  pumice 
nor  other  substance  should  be  used  as  it  Avill  ruin  the  plating. 
The  parts  should  then  be  dipped  in  the  cyanide  solution, 
(No.  2)  and  removed  immediately.  If  they  remain  in  the 
solution  more  than  one  second  the  srold  w-ill  be  dissolved. 


They  should  then  be  brushed  with  a  nail  brush,  using  soap 
and  w^ater,  and  if  the  discoloration  has  not  been  entirely 
removed  they  can  be  again  dipped  in  the  cyanide,  or,  better, 
only  the  discolored  portion  immersed.  The  appliances 
must  then  be  placed  in  water  and  boiled,  with  two  or  three 
changes  of  Avater,  to  thoroughly  remove  the  cyanide;  then 
dried  and  put  away  for  future  use.  If  dried  rapidly  the  color 
will  be  better  than  if  dried  slowly.  This  may  be  done  either 
by  dipping  them  in  alcohol  Avhile  they  are  still  hot  from  the 
boiling    water   and   holding   them   over  a  hot   stove,    or  by 


20 


KNAPP    SYSTEM. 


placing  them,  immediately  upon  removal  from  the  water,  in 
box-\YOod  sawdust  which  absorbs  all  moisture  and  leaves 
the  appliances  bright.     This  last  named  method  is  the  better. 

Note. 
As  Cyanide  of  Potassium  is  a  violent  poison  great  care 
should  be  taken  to  thoroughly  wash  the  parts  after  using  it, 
and   special  pains  taken  to  cleanse  the  inside  of  the  long 
right  and  left  nut  and  similar  parts. 


COMPLETE  LIST  OF  NUMBERED  APPLLA.NCES  WITH  PRICES. 

Piitentfd  Jan.  iS,  iS</;,  J.m.  24,  1S9S,  Sept.  12,  1S99.  Dec.  25,  1900. 

Button  Bands,  Studded,  Xos.  1  to  6,  inclusive,  each      50  cents. 

•*        "    Double  Socket  Clutch,  Nos.  7  to  10,  each      75  cents. 

"        "    Single        "  "  "     11  to  14,  each    60  cents. 

Bite  Bands,  Xos,  15  to  18,  each  50  cents. 

Screw  Bands,  Studded,  Nos.  41  to  44,  each         $1.00. 

Single  Socket  Clutch,  Nos.  45  to  48,  each     $1.00. 

Double    "  "        Nos.  49  to  52,  each       $1.00. 

Long  T  Bar,  No.  19,  — —i^— « ^    50  cents. 

45  cents. 
50  cents. 
75  cents. 
60  cents. 
$1.00. 

75  cents. 


vShort  T  Bar,  No.  20, 

Ball  Bar,  No.  21, 

Long  Right  and  Left  Nut,  No.  25, 

Short     "         "       "        "      "     26, 

Round  T  Socket  Clutch  Bar  and  nut,  No.  28 , 

Single  Auxiliary  T  Socket,  No.  31, 

Double        "         "         "         "    32, 
Straight  Neck  Ball  Bar,  No.  33, 
Retaining  Clamp,  No.  37, 
Retaining  and  Connectinof  Band,  No 


^.9. 


Left-hand  Threaded  T  Bar,  No.  40, 
Arch-bar,  Threaded,  No.  35, 
Stud  Bar,  No.  53,  (Qsp 


Right-hand  Threaded  Ball-bar,  No.  57, 
Protrusion  Bow  with  Chuck,  No.  58, 

Extra  Chucks,  each 
Detachable  Stud  No.  59, 
Head  Cap  No.  60, 

Clutch  Nut  No.  22,  iQ 

Lock  Nut  No,  23.  0 

Ball  Cap  No.  24,  ^ 

Bar-End  Cap  No.  34,  ^ 

Band  Wire  Coil  No.  30. 
Wrench  No,  29, 


$1.00. 
50  cents. 
50  cents. 

25  cents. 
50  cents. 

$1.00. 
50  cents. 
50  cents. 

$2.50. 
75  cents. 
75  cents. 

$2.00. 


25  cents. 
20  cents. 
75  cents. 
25  cents. 
25  cents. 
15  cents. 


Perforated  Stud  No.  36,  ^  25  cents. 
Retaining  clamp  nut  No.  38  ®  25  cts. 
Stud  Bar  Nut  No.  54,  i©  75  cents. 
Bar  Hook  No.  55,  ^^^^^^  ^5  cents. 
Springs  No.  56,  pair,  OMBIIKIIBC  25  cts, 

The  S.  S.  White  Dental  Mfg.  Co.,  Sole  Agent. 


SELECTED  SET  A,  IN  BOX. 


53  22      za 


!9 


The  parts  selected  for  this  set  will  be  found  svifficient  in  many  cases.  A 
paper-covered  copy  of  Dr.  Knapp's  Descriptive  Book  supplied  free  with 
each  set.        Price  of  book  50  cents. 

Price  set  A $8.00. 


PROTRUSION  SET  B,  IN  BOX. 


Price  set  B. 


.$8.00. 


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